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| Women are wonderful ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
“Women are wonderful” effect
The “women are wonderful” effect is the gender stereotypes found in psychology and sociology which suggests that people's stereotypes of women were more positive than their stereotypes of men, although both sexes were viewed as positive. This bias is referred to as benevolent sexism〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hostile and Benevolent Sexism )〕 and was dubbed by after research suggested that it is no longer politically acceptable to be derogative towards women. (Lower class and minority women are still viewed negatively, as class and race biases overwhelms the "women are wonderful" effect).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Handbook of the Psychology of Women and Gender )〕 Studies found the “Women are wonderful” works when women follow traditional gender roles such as child nurturing and stay at home housewife.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Women are Wonderful, but Most Are Disliked )〕 In fact, in 2002 Eagly and Karau stated that the “women are wonderful” effect might be better phrased as “women are wonderful when” effect, with the "when" meaning when women are not in charge.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bulletin Personality and Social Psychology )〕
== Empirical support ==
In a review conducted by , evidence was found to indicate that women were evaluated positively as a social category and more favorably than men. In the experiment, over 300 college students (both men and women) evaluated the social categories of men and women, relating the traits and expectations of each gender through interviews, emotion-associations and free-response measures. Supporting this effect, words perceived as positive, like “happy” and “good”, were more quickly assigned to women than men. The "women are wonderful" effect does not mean that all women are evaluated positively. The effect disappears when women do not adhere to traditional gender roles.〔
In contemporary research, attitudes toward women appear to be more positive than those toward men. While this research on competence judgments has not shown a pervasive tendency to devalue a women's traditional gendered work, it has demonstrated prejudice against those women in masculine domains (e.g. male-dominated jobs, male-stereotypic behavior). This targeted form of prejudice towards women is derived primarily from the ascription that women's traits include "nice", "nurturant", "communal characteristics", which the public attributes to individuals that qualify for domestic role aka those low-status, low-paying female-dominated jobs. These findings confirm women's experiences of gender discrimination and the backlash against women into traditionally masculine arenas, especially with women's efforts to gain access to high-status, high-paying male-dominated jobs, which are thought to require characteristics stereotypically ascribed to men.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie )〕
While, superficially, the “women are wonderful” effect may be viewed as beneficial, this stereotype is not a descriptive one, but a highly prescriptive stereotype. A descriptive gender stereotype reflects beliefs about the way men and women are perceived to be, whereas a prescriptive gender stereotype delineates how men and women ought to behave according to their individual gender. Because of this stereotype about female communality, people not only believe that women are nicer than men, it becomes a requirement for women to be nicer or else be penalized for violating the prescriptive social norms.〔http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2000-03912-006〕 Prescriptive gendered stereotype violations can cause the withholding of job opportunities, and the willful sabotaging of women’s work.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FORMAL AND INFORMAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN AT WORK )〕 One study shows that women are judged more harshly in business roles, "especially when she worked in an industry incongruent with her gender role〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gender and Perceptions of Leadership Effectiveness )〕 and that men are more likely than women to endorse traditional gender roles.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Handbook of Socialization )〕 Research indicates men showing greater resistance to a women’s leadership than women,〔 and that men are more likely than women to endorse traditional gender roles.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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